Based on the six typical application scenarios for 6G proposed by ITU, 3GPP has conducted research on 6G use cases and service requirements, culminating in the first 6G technical report, TR22.870. This paper builds upon TR22.870 to investigate 6G-enabled low-altitude intelligent networked systems, summarizing application scenarios and typical use cases for low-altitude intelligent networked systems, represented by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). It also analyzes the requirements of low-altitude applications in the context of related scenarios, such as the integration of communication and AI, as well as ISAC. On this basis, the paper summarizes key technical indicators for low-altitude intelligent networked systems in terms of communication data rates, latency, reliability, and positioning and sensing capabilities. Furthermore, it explores potential key technologies for 6G-enabled low-altitude intelligent networked systems, providing a reference for the development of low-altitude intelligent networked systems.

With the large-scale deployment of the low-altitude economy, low-altitude services impose higher requirements on three-dimensional coverage, continuous sensing, and safety supervision in low-altitude airspace. Due to the high mobility of low-altitude flying targets, service data transmission and target sensing need to be jointly guaranteed, which creates an urgent demand for the integrated provision of communication and sensing. In this context, Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) can collaboratively provide both communication and sensing capabilities over a unified network infrastructure, thereby offering critical support for the construction of the low-altitude digital infrastructure. This paper first reviews the domestic and international standardization and research progress, and then summarizes two technical approaches: ISAC base-station-based systems and ISAC UAV-swarm platforms. It further identifies major challenges, including resource competition, insufficient low-altitude three-dimensional coverage, limited sensing accuracy, insufficient sensing trustworthiness, and complex global interference coupling.Finally, a technical roadmap for ISAC networks oriented toward the low-altitude economy is proposed, covering trustworthy echo acquisition, networked cooperative detection and continuous trajectory tracking, AI-based recognition and fusion, multi-source fusion sensing and conflict arbitration, as well as network-level resource and architectural evolution.

Currently, the construction of low-altitude intelligent networks faces a fragmented predicament characterized by separate systems, inconsistent standards, and insufficient collaboration in Communication, Sensing, Navigation, Meteorology, and Computing (CSNMC). This leads to problems such as repeated investment in infrastructure and cross-domain data barriers. Therefore, this paper proposes the concept of intensive construction of a low-altitude intelligent “one network” that integrates CSNMC capabilities based on communication infrastructure, analyzes the current development situation, existing problems, and underlying causes of the low-altitude intelligent network, and puts forward targeted suggestions in four dimensions: standard system, technological research, network construction, and business ecology. The research aims to provide theoretical reference and decision-making basis for the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy.

With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, the high-density operation of aircraft has imposed stringent requirements on collision avoidance capabilities. Aiming at the communication requirements for low-altitude collaborative collision avoidance, this paper proposes a system architecture based on Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Proximity-services Communication 5 (PC5) sidelink communication, which consists of the sidelink communication interaction layer, the wide-area communication management layer, and the on-board fusion execution layer. Typical low-altitude scenarios and corresponding communication performance requirements are analyzed. The core enabling technologies and the standardized collaborative collision avoidance interaction process are elaborated. Finally, future research directions such as 3D beam management, intelligent interference coordination, and spectrum policy are discussed, providing a theoretical reference for the construction of low-altitude safety communication systems.

To address the current problems of inadequate low-altitude airspace management, imprecise risk assessment, and the lack of safety evaluation in route planning, this paper proposes a technical framework for risk quantification assessment and safe flight route planning based on low-altitude digital twins. Using the BeiDou grid as a reference, the framework manages low-altitude airspace and environmental elements, establishing an integrated ground-air risk quantification model. Based on the results of risk assessment and an improved A^* algorithm, low-altitude flight routes are generated. Field experiments are conducted in a typical urban area in Henan Province, validating the effectiveness of the proposed technology. This approach provides support for the efficient utilization of low-altitude airspace and route planning.

The internal short-distance transportation in railway logistics parks faces efficiency bottlenecks, and drones offer a new solution to break this bottleneck. However, the introduction of drones creates complex air-ground collaborative scheduling challenges. Focusing on this issue, this paper investigates the collaborative scheduling optimization of drones under multiple spatiotemporal constraints. Firstly, this paper systematically analyzes core constraints including task assignment, drone load and endurance, node capacity, and airspace safety. Secondly, this paper establishes a mixed integer programming model aimed at minimizing the maximum completion time. Furthermore, this paper designs a two-stage heuristic algorithm integrating greedy initialization and improved genetic algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces average task turnaround time and improves drone utilization rates, providing a quantitative decision-making basis for intelligent park scheduling.

Targeting the challenges of complex and volatile environments, difficulties in multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) coordination, and insufficient dynamic risk avoidance in low-altitude emergency rescue, An intelligent collaborative control technology based on multi-dimensional situational awareness is proposed. By constructing a heterogeneous information fusion model based on dynamic bayesian networks, airborne sensor data and external spatio-temporal situational data are mapped into a 3D dynamic risk map. On this basis, a risk-coupled multi-agent reinforcement learning scheduling strategy and an adaptive path planning method are designed, to integrate real-time risk quantification into the decision-making and planning loop. Field experiments demonstrate that this method significantly improves the perception accuracy of hidden dynamic risks, increases mission success rate, shortens obstacle-avoidance response time and overall mission completion time, and reduces risk exposure duration in complex environments, thereby providing technical support for safe and efficient low-altitude emergency rescue systems.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite navigation systems are critical for the positioning and navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in complex channel environments, where the calibration of dynamic parameters serves as a fundamental guarantee for system reliability. Considering the wide-ranging dynamic parameters characteristic of LEO satellite navigation systems, this study adopts a dynamic parameter calibration method based on the least squares algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with traditional calibration methods, the least squares-based calibration method significantly reduces the uncertainty of calibration outcomes and enhances the reliability of UAV positioning results.

Focusing on four core types of low-altitude aircraft—Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, helicopters, and light small fixed-wing aircraft—the study analyzes their current development status and phased characteristics. From the perspectives of technological autonomy, airworthiness certification, market application, and ecosystem collaboration, it proposes a tiered, progressive high-quality development pathway. This aims to provide a reference for building a safe, efficient, integrated, and open low-altitude equipment industrial system. The research indicates that in the short term, the low-altitude equipment industry needs to strengthen technological foundations and expand closed-loop scenario applications, while in the medium-to-long term, it should gradually achieve a systematic transition from cargo transport to passenger transport, and further to intelligent air-ground integrated coordination.

As the core support for the safe operation and commercial ecosystem of the low-altitude economy, low-altitude infrastructure remains a bottleneck in the industrial chain. Its development faces technological bottlenecks, structural contradictions, and institutional constraints, which hinder the scaled growth of the low-altitude economy. In response, this study focuses on three types of capital-intensive infrastructure: low-altitude communication, surveillance, and takeoff/landing facilities. It reviews their current status and operational requirements, analyzes three deep-seated structural contradictions restricting the scaled development of the low-altitude economy, and proposes targeted solutions. The research aims to provide theoretical and practical insights for advancing the large-scale construction of low-altitude infrastructure and promoting the high-quality, scaled development of the low-altitude economy.

The low-altitude economy has been incorporated into the national strategic emerging industries. Its social development has generated multiple risks, including public safety and data security, leading to governance challenges such as imbalance in criminal circles and under-enforcement of certain behaviors. In this regard, it is necessary to systematically categorize the types of risks and analyze the difficulties in the current criminal law regarding the definition of legal interests, adaptation of constitutive elements, and the configuration of punishments. It is recommended to adopt a legal interest protection-oriented approach, cautiously broaden the interpretation of existing offenses, and, when appropriate, establish specific new offenses, in order to optimize the structure of criminal governance and ensure a systematic response, thereby safeguarding the safe and regulated development of the low-altitude economy.

The rapid development of the low-altitude economy has expanded the utilization of low-altitude airspace and placed new demands on traditional governance models centered on safety control. Governance of the low-altitude economy relies on both legal regulations and policy instruments, and their configuration has become an important institutional issue affecting governance outcomes. From the perspective of institutional tools, this paper constructs a comparative framework based on the functional differences between policies and regulations and examines governance practices in different countries. The study identifies three main models: policy-driven, regulation-led, and coordinated policy-regulation approaches. These models differ in institutional objectives, governance tools, and implementation outcomes, and show a gradual shift from single instruments to combined governance, with increasing emphasis on both safety control and industrial development. In light of China’s institutional context, governance of the low-altitude economy should maintain policy flexibility while improving the legal framework and establishing a tiered governance structure through risk classification and institutional coordination.