量子区块链共识协议、应用与展望

doi:10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

区块链技术通过去中心化和分布式数据库确保数据的安全性、完整性和可追溯性,其核心包括分布式账本、加密技术和共识机制。拜占庭共识协议作为核心组件,在保障去中心化网络的安全和一致性方面至关重要。然而,经典共识协议的安全性受到快速发展的量子计算威胁,并且无法突破1/3容错极限。因此,研究量子拜占庭共识协议变得必要。基于此,讨论了量子计算时代经典拜占庭共识协议面临的挑战,并介绍了检测量子拜占庭共识协议的发展历程和实用困境;重点介绍了基于量子数字签名的新型量子拜占庭共识协议,其突破了1/3容错极限,提供了信息理论安全性且易于实现;最后,讨论了区块链不可能三角对共识协议的约束,并展望了量子区块链共识协议的发展及其在未来量子网络中去中心化通信和计算的前景。

关键词: 量子拜占庭容错共识, QDS, 量子多方关联, 1/3容错极限, 量子区块链

Abstract:

Blockchain technology ensures data security, integrity, and traceability through decentralization and distributed databases, with core components including distributed ledgers, encryption technology, and consensus mechanisms. The Byzantine agreement protocol, as a key component, is crucial for maintaining the security and consistency of decentralized networks. However, the rapid development of quantum computing threatens the security of classical Byzantine agreement protocols and their inability to surpass the 1/3 fault tolerance bound, making the study of quantum Byzantine agreement protocols necessary. This paper discusses the challenges faced by classical Byzantine agreement protocols in the quantum computing era and introduces the development and practical challenges of detectable quantum Byzantine agreement. It focuses on the recently proposed new quantum Byzantine consensus protocol based on quantum digital signatures, which breaks the 1/3 fault-tolerance bound, offers information-theoretic security, and is experimentally feasible. Finally, it discusses the constraints of the blockchain trilemma on Byzantine agreement and looks forward to the development of quantum Byzantine agreement protocols and their prospects for decentralized communication and computation in quantum networks.

Key words: quantum Byzantine agreement, quantum digital signatures, quantum multiparty correlation, 1/3 fault-tolerance bound, quantum blockchain

中图分类号:

翁晨洵, 李明阳, 尹华磊, 陈增兵. 量子区块链共识协议、应用与展望[J]. 信息通信技术与政策, 2024, 50(7): 59-68.

WENG Chenxun, LI Mingyang, YIN Hualei, CHEN Zengbing. Quantum Byzantine agreement in blockchain: protocol, application and outlook[J]. Information and Communications Technology and Policy, 2024, 50(7): 59-68.

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链接本文:

http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/CN/10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.008

http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/CN/Y2024/V50/I7/59

图/表 5

图1 去中心化的口头消息型协议示意图

图2 使用高维量子比特进行三方检测拜占庭共识协议的示意图[22]

图3 基于QDS的量子拜占庭共识协议中基础单元—多播轮的示意图[44]

图4 基于QDS的量子拜占庭共识协议的实验实施示意图[44]

表1 基于QDS的量子拜占庭共识协议与检测量子拜占庭共识协议对比

协议类型	检测量子拜占庭共识协议	基于QDS的量子拜占庭共识协议
安全性分析	未提供	提供
容错能力	仅限三方共识	n≥2f+1, ∀f∈N⁺
消息类型	单比特	多比特
实验资源	多粒子纠缠态或高维量子比特	弱相干态
是否需要额外假设	是	否

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