基于量子隧道效应的量子随机数发生器研究进展*

doi:10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.007

信息通信技术与政策 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (7): 48-58.doi: 10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.007

基于量子隧道效应的量子随机数发生器研究进展^*

Progress on electronic quantum random number generator based on quantum tunneling effect

刘宇轩¹, 白玉明¹, 杨哲², 李俊林¹

1.清华大学物理系低维量子物理国家重点实验室,北京 100084
2.首都师范大学物理系太赫兹光电子学教育部重点实验室,北京 100048

收稿日期:2024-06-22 出版日期:2024-07-25 发布日期:2024-07-30
作者简介:
刘宇轩,清华大学物理系低维量子物理国家重点实验室博士研究生在读,主要研究方向为量子测量和量子成像
白玉明,清华大学物理系低维量子物理国家重点实验室博士研究生在读,主要研究方向为量子测量和量子成像
杨哲,首都师范大学物理系太赫兹光电子学教育部重点实验室讲师,主要研究方向为量子测量、量子成像和太赫兹通信
李俊林,清华大学物理系低维量子物理国家重点实验室副教授,主要研究方向为量子测量和量子成像
基金资助:
*国家自然科学基金(51727805)

LIU Yuxuan¹, BAI Yuming¹, YANG Zhe², LI Junlin¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

Received:2024-06-22 Online:2024-07-25 Published:2024-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从2000年开始,量子随机数发生器(Quantum Random Number Generator,QRNG)逐渐受到广泛关注。与算法或经典物理系统随机数发生器相比,QRNG的量子随机源不由确定性的算法或方程描述,仅由波函数进行概率描述,具有内禀随机性。目前,QRNG方案大多基于光子体系。近年来,基于电子体系的量子随机数发生器(electronic Quantum Random Number Generator,eQRNG)方案相继被提出。与光子QRNG相比,eQRNG没有电-光-电转换,有效避免了转换过程中经典噪声的影响,在随机性上具有更大优势,且结构简单、系统稳定,与半导体工艺兼容,具有可集成性。基于此,通过介绍基于量子隧道效应的eQRNG研究进展,包括基于隧道二极管的eQRNG、基于范德瓦尔斯异质结的eQRNG与基于雪崩光电二极管的eQRNG等,阐述了eQRNG在随机性与量子性上的独特优势。

关键词: 随机数, 量子随机数发生器, 量子隧道效应

Abstract:

Since 2000, quantum random number generators (QRNGs) have been receiving increasing attention. Compared to random number generators based on algorithms or classical systems, QRNGs derive their randomness from quantum sources, which are not described by algorithms or equations deterministically but are described by wave functions probabilistically, exhibiting intrinsic randomness. Currently, most QRNGs are based on photonic systems. In recent years, electronic Quantum Random Number Generator (eQRNG) schemes have been proposed. Compared to photonic QRNGs, eQRNGs do not involve electrical-optical-electrical conversion, effectively avoiding the influence of classical noise during the conversion process. This provides an obvious benefit in randomness. Furthermore, the advantages of eQRNGs lie in simple structure, stability, compatibility with semiconductor technology, and the potential for integration. This paper introduces the progress of eQRNGs based on the quantum tunneling effect, including eQRNGs based on tunnel diode, van der Waals heterojunction, and avalanche photodiode. This paper also elaborates on the advantages of eQRNGs in randomness.

Key words: random number, quantum random number generator, quantum tunneling effect

中图分类号:

O469

刘宇轩, 白玉明, 杨哲, 李俊林. 基于量子隧道效应的量子随机数发生器研究进展^*[J]. 信息通信技术与政策, 2024, 50(7): 48-58.

LIU Yuxuan, BAI Yuming, YANG Zhe, LI Junlin. Progress on electronic quantum random number generator based on quantum tunneling effect[J]. Information and Communications Technology and Policy, 2024, 50(7): 48-58.

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链接本文:

http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/CN/10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.007

http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/CN/Y2024/V50/I7/48

图/表 9

参考文献 40

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年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	最小熵/bits/bit
年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	统计最小熵	NIST SP 800-90B 认证最小熵
2023	APD内电子隧穿效应eQRNG^[26]	电子	离散	0.994 4	0.987 2
2022	范德瓦尔斯异质结 eQRNG^[25](7 K,10^-4 Torr)	电子	离散	—	0.983
2021	隧道二极管eQRNG^[24]	电子	离散	0.62	—
2021	放大自发辐射^[21]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2021	真空涨落^[32]	光子	连续	0.60	—
2021	真空涨落^[20]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2020	真空涨落^[33]	光子	连续	0.73	—
2020	真空涨落^[34]	光子	连续	0.80	—
2020	相位涨落^[35]	光子	连续	0.83	—
2020	相位涨落^[19]	光子	连续	0.86	—
2018	相位涨落^[36]	光子	连续	0.70	—
2015	相位涨落^[37]	光子	连续	0.88	—
2012	相位涨落^[38]	光子	连续	0.84	—

年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	最小熵/bits/bit
年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	统计最小熵	NIST SP 800-90B 认证最小熵
2023	APD内电子隧穿效应eQRNG^[26]	电子	离散	0.994 4	0.987 2
2022	范德瓦尔斯异质结 eQRNG^[25](7 K,10^-4 Torr)	电子	离散	—	0.983
2021	隧道二极管eQRNG^[24]	电子	离散	0.62	—
2021	放大自发辐射^[21]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2021	真空涨落^[32]	光子	连续	0.60	—
2021	真空涨落^[20]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2020	真空涨落^[33]	光子	连续	0.73	—
2020	真空涨落^[34]	光子	连续	0.80	—
2020	相位涨落^[35]	光子	连续	0.83	—
2020	相位涨落^[19]	光子	连续	0.86	—
2018	相位涨落^[36]	光子	连续	0.70	—
2015	相位涨落^[37]	光子	连续	0.88	—
2012	相位涨落^[38]	光子	连续	0.84	—

基于量子隧道效应的量子随机数发生器研究进展^*

Progress on electronic quantum random number generator based on quantum tunneling effect

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