Progress on electronic quantum random number generator based on quantum tunneling effect

doi:10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Since 2000, quantum random number generators (QRNGs) have been receiving increasing attention. Compared to random number generators based on algorithms or classical systems, QRNGs derive their randomness from quantum sources, which are not described by algorithms or equations deterministically but are described by wave functions probabilistically, exhibiting intrinsic randomness. Currently, most QRNGs are based on photonic systems. In recent years, electronic Quantum Random Number Generator (eQRNG) schemes have been proposed. Compared to photonic QRNGs, eQRNGs do not involve electrical-optical-electrical conversion, effectively avoiding the influence of classical noise during the conversion process. This provides an obvious benefit in randomness. Furthermore, the advantages of eQRNGs lie in simple structure, stability, compatibility with semiconductor technology, and the potential for integration. This paper introduces the progress of eQRNGs based on the quantum tunneling effect, including eQRNGs based on tunnel diode, van der Waals heterojunction, and avalanche photodiode. This paper also elaborates on the advantages of eQRNGs in randomness.

Key words: random number, quantum random number generator, quantum tunneling effect

CLC Number:

O469

LIU Yuxuan, BAI Yuming, YANG Zhe, LI Junlin. Progress on electronic quantum random number generator based on quantum tunneling effect[J]. Information and Communications Technology and Policy, 2024, 50(7): 48-58.

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http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/EN/10.12267/j.issn.2096-5931.2024.07.007

http://ictp.caict.ac.cn/EN/Y2024/V50/I7/48

Figures/Tables 9

References 40

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年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	最小熵/bits/bit
年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	统计最小熵	NIST SP 800-90B 认证最小熵
2023	APD内电子隧穿效应eQRNG^[26]	电子	离散	0.994 4	0.987 2
2022	范德瓦尔斯异质结 eQRNG^[25](7 K,10^-4 Torr)	电子	离散	—	0.983
2021	隧道二极管eQRNG^[24]	电子	离散	0.62	—
2021	放大自发辐射^[21]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2021	真空涨落^[32]	光子	连续	0.60	—
2021	真空涨落^[20]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2020	真空涨落^[33]	光子	连续	0.73	—
2020	真空涨落^[34]	光子	连续	0.80	—
2020	相位涨落^[35]	光子	连续	0.83	—
2020	相位涨落^[19]	光子	连续	0.86	—
2018	相位涨落^[36]	光子	连续	0.70	—
2015	相位涨落^[37]	光子	连续	0.88	—
2012	相位涨落^[38]	光子	连续	0.84	—

年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	最小熵/bits/bit
年份	QRNG方案	体系	类型	统计最小熵	NIST SP 800-90B 认证最小熵
2023	APD内电子隧穿效应eQRNG^[26]	电子	离散	0.994 4	0.987 2
2022	范德瓦尔斯异质结 eQRNG^[25](7 K,10^-4 Torr)	电子	离散	—	0.983
2021	隧道二极管eQRNG^[24]	电子	离散	0.62	—
2021	放大自发辐射^[21]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2021	真空涨落^[32]	光子	连续	0.60	—
2021	真空涨落^[20]	光子	连续	0.77	—
2020	真空涨落^[33]	光子	连续	0.73	—
2020	真空涨落^[34]	光子	连续	0.80	—
2020	相位涨落^[35]	光子	连续	0.83	—
2020	相位涨落^[19]	光子	连续	0.86	—
2018	相位涨落^[36]	光子	连续	0.70	—
2015	相位涨落^[37]	光子	连续	0.88	—
2012	相位涨落^[38]	光子	连续	0.84	—